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Миксы, смеси - это все зло, не стоит тратить свои деньги на покупку курительных смесей, хотя это решает каждый человек. Если Вы хотите купить [[http://smokingblends.blogspot.com/ курительные смеси]] заказать курительные миксы в интернете, у Вас для этого есть две базовых вещи: наличие денег и отсутствие интеллекта.
Our question is: when we need to prove entitlement online, or even to who we are, how are we going to do it? The future is about people doing as much as possible online. We have to get this right first. The European Commission work on trust in digital life, led by Jacques Bus, is an interesting development: it seeks to embed European democratic values into modern technology. It aims to do so by establishing a set of principles, based around Kim Cameron's "laws" (see below) that enshrine better ways of designing technology so that it operates transparently in the best interests of its owner - rather than either industry or government.
There is also strong linkage here with the preferred models of personal data control. A key point that needs to be better understood is that the state does not need to gather comprehensive personal information into its databases in order to be able to deliver better public services. Citizen-centric services should encompass better models of data management and their relationship with [[http://www.diamondlinks.net link building service]] identity.
The key to successful strategy does not lie in lengthy verbose documents that sit on a shelf, but simple high level guiding principles that are - well - strategic. We need to distill these for identity, authentication and access management as much for any other area of technology policy. So these should include:
- Kim Cameron's "7 laws" (see below)
- minimal disclosure (see the work, for example, of Stefan Brands)
- building in some of the ideas currently being developed under the guidance of Jacque Bus (embedding European democratic values into technology) [Trust in the Information Society
- inclusion of strong identity as well as pseudonymous and anonymous identity
- recognition that government identities are part of a wider ecosystem: and that people should be free to choose from the identity, and authentication level, most appropriate for the purpose in hand (not to be forced to always use a government identity) (the Crosby report is worth considering to some extent in this regard)
- a trust framework, recognising the ability to use different strengths of authentication dependent upon the purpose in hand
The UK had an innovative approach to identity and authentication, one which foresaw the need for a trust framework and multiple identity providers, during tha late 1990's and into the 2000's. However, this was later replaced by the single identity model proposed by PA Consulting working with the Home Office and by the monolithic identity model and move towards single government databases developed and proposed by the Cabinet Office IT team in their "Transformational Government" agenda. This latter approach placed a focus instead on the national ID cards programme, together with underlying largescale state databases, and the unproven concept of imposing a single government identity, owned, issued and controlled by the government.
However, as developments in the US have shown, better and more workable models of online identification and authentication exist. The UK needs to re-discover its original leadership and original ideas, to learn from the work that Obama's team has done in taking the original UK model, and to enable our online public services to be taken to the next level.
Users should be able to be anonymous and/or pseudonymous. For example, it would not be appropriate for whistleblowers, abused spouses and children and others to be forced to disclose their true identities. Children posting online might wish to hide, for very good reasons, the fact that they are children, their age and so on. Identity framework therefore needs to ensure that it provides such variegated levels of trust, identity and authentication. And that no single entity can collate an overview of all citizen activities. So any design that postulates a single, state-issued identity used in a variety of transactions and which always confirms a single specific identity is both inappropriate and insecure in most daily contexts and potentially dangerous in many daily contexts.
The 1998 report The View from the Queue (the ONLY government technology policy report we are currently aware of that has actually consulted with citizens and businesses) included amongst its findings:
//9. It is essential to allay concerns of potential users about technology and how it will be used by government by:
- ensuring ‘confidentiality’ or privacy in interacting with government;
- providing safeguards against fraud or computer hacking;
- providing guarantees about government’s use of information;
- providing assistance and support to users.//
The issues of privacy, security and identity all inter-relate and need to be carefully designed as part of the same overall infrastructure.[[http://www.weldingtrainingcenter.com/welding-schools welding school]] Interacting with government services in an [[http://www.cassetteplayer.org cassette player]] efficient and joined-up way does not require one single user identity issued by the Govt. Indeed, the UK's original identity strategy has recently been adopted by the US, who openly acknowledge the UK's contribution to a better model of identity (before it was displaced by the monolithic proposals of PA/IPS).
Such an approach, combined with the user-centric models [[http://www.pacquiaomarquezfight.com/pacquiao-vs-marquez-live-streaming/ pacquiao vs marquez]] in this coming event [[http://www.pacquiaomarquezfight.com pacquiao vs marquez]] of data (as typifed by VRM not CRM) and the strong principles of approaches such as "the laws of identity" and minimal disclosure tokens would enable the UK to put into place a strong, privacy-aware and secure system better than those of other countries. This is an area where the UK could regain its thought leadership.
=====authentication=====
The 2000 govt strategy paper ("e-government authentication framework") set out a federated trust model that seems to have been ahead of its time. It was recently been updated and adopted by the Obama presidency. Equally, it was apparently overlooked by PA in their consulting work for IPS (but that's another story ...)
It defines authentication as the process of verifying a claimed identity. It includes:
• establishing that a given identity actually exists;
• establishing that a person or official of an organisation is the true holder of that identity;
• enabling identity holders to identify themselves for the purpose of carrying out a transaction via an electronic medium
It also set out that Government must:
• release personal or commercially sensitive information only against reliably verified identity;
• provide services and benefits only to those entitled to receive them;
• protect people against misuse of their identities.
It proposed a tiered model of authentication, ranging from low levels of trust and assurance to high levels.
(From 2000): "The Modernising Government white paper makes clear government’s intention to work in partnership with local authorities, the voluntary sector, and with third-party delivery channels such as the Post Office and private sector companies. Where third-party service providers are conducting transactions on government’s behalf, they will be required to authenticate the citizens and businesses they deal with to the same standards as government itself would. Government will in turn accept transaction data from those service providers, who will certify that they have carried out the authentication transaction to the agreed standard."
And: "Government will make use of normal commercial technologies and techniques for authentication. Authentication profiles applicable to government electronic service delivery are being developed in conjunction with industry. These include detailed security requirements."
=====identity=====
The 2000 work referenced above made clear that govt was only one of many identity providers, not a monopoly provider. It was built on the principle of federated identity - of enabling citizens and businesses to use identity provided to them by third parties. Such third parties would be part of a wider trust ecosystem and govt would not seek to demand or impose a central identity (cf. IPS and the ID Card proposals).
Where the paper from 2000 (and its later iterations) failed was in specifying a technology (PKI and smartcards) to enable it to happen, rather than specifying the outcomes and behaviours required of the system. Since smartcards did not take off in the way anticipated at the time, the overall strategy failed to take off.
(From 2002): When allocating registration and authentication levels to a transaction, e-Government service providers need to determine how much they need to know about the real-world identity of the client and they. There are broadly four categories of real-world identification; these are given below with their implied registration and authentication levels:
a) Anonymous or pseudonymous: Neither the real-world identity of the client nor an electronic identity in an associated credential is required to complete the transaction. In the latter case, the client provides a pseudonym (registration level: 0, authentication level: 0).
b) Anonymous or pseudonymous with electronic identity: The real-world identity of the client is not required to complete the transaction, but the electronic identity enables the service provider to recognise the client in repeat transactions (registration level: 0, authentication level: 1, 2 or 3).
c) Anonymous or pseudonymous with electronic identity and traceable: The real-world identity of the client is not required to complete the transaction, but the electronic identity enables the service provider to recognise the client in repeat transactions and could be used to retrieve the real-world identity via the RA, if required (registration level: 1, 2 or 3, authentication level: 1, 2 or 3).
d) Real-world identity established – the real-world identity of the client needs to be established to some degree of confidence before the transaction can be performed (registration level: 1, 2 or 3, authentication level: 1, 2 or 3).
As a rule, service provision should operate on a principle of maximum anonymity consistent with necessary functionality.
Are these 2002 principles still good to go?
=====User control=====
Identity relates to an individual and therefore needs to be under the control of that individual.
=====Cameron's laws=====
Kim Cameron developed a set of "laws" (as in scientific laws rather than legal ones) that are intended to establish a set of principles by which all identity-related systems should bee constructed in order to be well-designed and trustworthy.
=====Where next for the Government Gateway?=====
The UK Government Gateway provides authentication services for online government services. Although it currently does so through the use of a government issued unique identifier plus a password, the system was originally designed to support the federated identity and trust model proposed by the Cabinet Office in the late 1990s.
The next evolution in its development could therefore be to return it to supporting those principles, so that it could support third-party credentials chosen by the user and federated into online services. Work has already been done on supporting, for example, modern chip and PIN cards.
However, there are also some major issues to be addressed. At the moment, it is highly vulnerable to phishing. It also provides a central hub whereby all individual interactions with online govt services can be tracked and monitored, building up an overall view of citizens' activities. This is mitigated to some extent by the fact users can choose to enrol separately for each govt service, using a different identity for each service and therefore preventing any backdoor joining up of their behaviour, be that for benign or less acceptable reasons.
A more modern approach would be, over time, to remove the need for the hub entirely - by instead rooting authentication through client devices under the control of the citizen.
=====Next steps ...?=====
Based on the ideas developed in this work (and those relevant documents and initiatives referenced), the next stage will be to agree both the strategic direction for identity strategy in the UK and then the practical steps required to deliver it. This will involve practical decisions on the appropriate policy and governance forums for future identity planning; specific deliverables to make federated [[http://www.mycaal.com loan modification]] identity happen; practical steps to ensure that (as a minimum) public sector procurements comply at the technical and architectural level with the requirements of minimal disclosure and data protection law/the 7 laws; and the people, departments and organisations that can make the transition successful.
The UK, without a track record of national identity structures like those in other countries (setting side the current plans and the wartime piece of cardboard for the moment), has the opportunity to put into place a well-designed, twenty-first century identity framework that will raise the standard across both public and private sectors - and do so in a way that works for citizens, businesses and government alike.
A bit like Obama's review of cybersecurity on taking office, one of the most practical next steps may be to call a special review of the UK's identity needs.
So, for starters:
- remove ownership of identity strategy from IPS/Home Office and disband the "expert panels" which IPS has appointed
- establish an independent identity strategy org (maybe along the lines of the MPC), which spans public, private, voluntary, EU & international perspectives
- speak with the Obama team who have taken the original UK identity and trust model and see what lessons can be learned
- call a 90 day review of identity/privacy/security strategy for the UK, involving the top UK (and wider) identity, privacy and security experts
- some have called for an independent inquiry/audit to establish why so many wrong decisions have been made, Ministers mis-informed and so on. But is this approach a good idea? Should civil servants and consultants be held to account for the advice they have given, the course they have pursued and the costs they have caused? Or is what has been done best forgotten? Clearly, there are many lessons that need to be learned - but how can this be done in the best possible way?
- after 90 days, publish the UK's proposed identity strategy for comment and review
- after 120 days, adjust in line with feedback and establish a new identity regime, trust framework and governance regime
- identify "quick win" projects that will enable effective online authentication for public services using a federated identity and trust model: establish rapid deployment teams to deliver change and implement the new model.
- - migrate Govt Gateway to (1) support minimal disclosure tokens (2) support federated identity including potentially Chip & PIN style authentication (3) not act as a "man in the middle" (4) remove phishing vulnerabilities (5) provide an API/toolkit for rapid adoption by orgs wishing to use federated identity (6) support CardSpace and client-based authentication protocols
- - open up direct.gov to (1) enable third parties, including local govt, to host govt services (2) stop being a monolithic portal (3) provide consistent APIs and data formats (4) stop "brand" confusion (eg NHS, HMRC, DWP etc are well-known brands - what is the evidence [[http://www.siegeldisplay.com/catalog.aspx?catid=popupfloordisplays pop up display]] base for direct.gov becoming a new brand?
- - architect an internal identity/authentication layer that utilises the same information architecture design as external services RV camping Washington State
- Identity is really an issue with the government, There is a vast difference with the people who live Online and those who live in real. I would have to agree that there are many problems that occur when the Government issue some changes or introduces some new features with anything. Same was the thing that happened when there was an IRS problem, which atlast has to dealt with.
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Edited on 2011-08-16 12:14:32 by ByroneWoodsAdditions:
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